Supporting students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in following directions is an important part of creating an inclusive and effective learning environment. Many students with FASD experience differences in memory, attention, and information processing, which can make classroom directions challenging to understand and retain. With thoughtful strategies and consistent support, educators can help set students up for success.
Why directions can be challenging
Students with FASD often struggle with processing multiple pieces of information at once. Instructions that are lengthy, abstract, or delivered too quickly can lead to cognitive overload. Even when students appear to be listening, they may not fully understand or remember what is being asked. Recognizing these challenges is the first step toward adjusting instructional approaches in a meaningful way.
Simplifying instructions
Simplifying instructions is one of the most effective ways to support students with FASD. These students benefit from systematic, clear, and repeated instruction that focuses on one task at a time. Reducing the amount of information in each instruction helps students stay focused and increases the likelihood that they will follow through successfully.
Using gestures to support understanding
Pairing verbal instructions with gestures can significantly improve comprehension. Pointing to objects or using gestures that represent actions helps make directions more concrete. For example, mimicking a drinking motion when referring to a cup or opening a book when referencing a textbook helps students connect language with meaning and reduces reliance on verbal instructions alone.
Supporting memory through rhyming
Simple rhyming phrases can be an effective way to encourage memorization and recall. Rhymes are easier to remember and can help students internalize routines or expectations.
Visual supports
Visual supports are especially important for students with FASD and should be used alongside verbal instructions. Showing students pictures of what they are expected to do, modelling tasks, and demonstrating steps can clarify expectations. Highlighting start and stop points on worksheets or examples of completed work helps students stay organized and focused. In some cases, physical guidance may be needed at first and can be gradually replaced with gestures, picture cues, and eventually verbal instructions as students gain independence.
Breaking down information
Providing too much information at once can overwhelm students with FASD. Breaking directions into smaller, manageable steps allows students to process and complete tasks more effectively. Using simple, concrete language and slowing the rate of speech further supports understanding. Giving instructions one step at a time helps students remain engaged and confident.
Using concrete language
When students struggle to follow a direction, rephrasing it in a more concrete way can make a significant difference. For example, instead of saying “get ready for math,” it may be more effective to say “take out your math book and pencil.” Avoiding figures of speech, sarcasm, and abstract language is essential, as these forms of communication can be difficult for students with FASD to interpret.
Learning through repetition
Repetition plays a critical role in supporting students with FASD. Instructions may need to be repeated multiple times and presented in different ways to ensure understanding. Providing consistent visual or physical references that students can return to helps reinforce learning and supports memory. Over time, repetition builds familiarity and confidence.
Continued learning
Supporting students with FASD also means supporting the educators who work with them. Teachers and educational assistants who have a strong understanding of FASD are less likely to experience burnout and fatigue. However, many school staff lack access to in-depth training and practical resources, even though they are eager to provide effective support.
Our FASD for School Staff online learning course is a valuable starting point for building knowledge and confidence. The course explores evidence-based teaching strategies, whole-school approaches to inclusion, planning for transitions, targeted math and literacy strategies, and collaboration with caregivers. Learn more about our online courses and how they can support your school community.
Creating inclusive classrooms for all learners
By learning together and applying inclusive practices, we can create classrooms that support the diverse needs of all students. With the right strategies and understanding, students with FASD can thrive, and educators can feel empowered and supported in their work.